However, the effect of optimistic (rather than pessimistic) expectancies on attention deployment was stronger. Additionally, in Experiment 2, participants' attention was guided toward punishment compared with reward when pessimistic expectancies were induced. In both experiments, participants' attention was guided toward reward compared with punishment when optimistic expectancies were induced. In a subsequent visual search task, we examined participants' attention to positive (i.e., rewarding) and negative (i.e., punishing) target stimuli, measuring their eye gaze behavior and reaction times. To test this causal relation, we conducted two experiments in which we manipulated optimistic and pessimistic expectancies regarding future rewards and punishments. In the current project, we hypothesized that optimistic expectancies can exert causal influences on attention deployment. Investigating the causal relationships between these biases can improve the understanding of their underlying cognitive mechanisms, leading to new directions in neurocognitive research and revealing important information about normal functioning as well as the development, maintenance, and treatment of psychological diseases. Optimism bias and positive attention bias have important highly similar implications for mental health but have only been examined in isolation.
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